第一节 定语从句讲解、练习及译法

　　1.that和which用法比较：

　　1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。

　　e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true.

　　他说他很忙，那是假的。

　　We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold.

　　我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。

　　2) which用于介词后做宾语。

　　e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large.

　　窗户正对着海的房间很大。

　　The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.

　　你坐的椅子是用钢做的。

　　3) that一定用于“不(不定代词作先行词时)止(“只是”only修饰先行词时)最(形容词最高级修饰先行词时)两(先行词同时出现人和物)序(序数词修饰先行词时)”五种情况。

　　e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是帮助。

　　A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.

　　装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。

　　That is only thing that I want to know.

　　那是我唯一想知道的事情。

　　The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy.

　　你买的最后一本书是我想买的。

　　What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?

　　你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大?

　　2.定语从句的种类

　　定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句(描绘性定语从句)和限定性定语从句。

　　e.g.: They don’t like that person who is noisy.

　　他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。

　　*非限定性定语从句(描绘性定语从句)和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。

　　e.g.: They don’t like that person, who is noisy.

　　他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。

　　*限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。

　　语法及词汇练习

　　1. The bridge was named __ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.

　　A after B with C by D from

　　2. There were no tickets __ for Friday’s performance.

　　A preferable B considerable C possible D available

　　3. __ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.

　　A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to

　　4. Cancer is second only __ heart disease as a cause of death.

　　A of B to C with D from

　　5. It wasn't such a good dinner __ she had promised us.

　　A that B which C as D what

　　6. American women were __ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.

　　A ignored B neglected C refused D denied

　　7. They decided to chase the cow away __ it did more damage.

　　A unless B until C before D although

　　8. __ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.

　　A Each B Any C Either D One

　　9. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at __ chemist’s.

　　A each B some C any D certain

　　10. All __ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

　　A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed

　　11. __ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.

　　A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing

　　12. After __ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

　　A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed

　　第二节

　　1.定语从句的前置合译法：

　　On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

　　译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

　　2.定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：

　　Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.

　　译文：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

　　The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

　　3.定语从句的溶合变译法;

　　This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words)

　　译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。

　　定语从句翻译练习：

　　1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

　　在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

　　2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

　　铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

　　3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

　　对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

　　4. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.

　　大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。(前置译法)

　　第三节 非谓语动词的译法

　　1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (现在分词正常使用)

　　即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

　　2.Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai.

　　他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。

　　The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day.

　　在1800年，一个农民，使用镰刀，在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。

　　3.When Chou En Lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.

　　周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦小、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。

　　4.With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents.

　　随着物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母。

　　5.Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate.

　　阿德莱德位于罗夫迪岭山麓，属地中海型气候。

　　This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.

　　附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。

　　6.Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was.

　　朱德顾不得来过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份。